Tuesday 28 February 2012

There's a man who can hear colors!



His name is Neil Harbisson, and he was born completely colorblind. Until he was 11, he didn't realize that he had "achromatopsia" which left him with only being able to see in black and white. 
When he was 16, he enrolled into an art class. At first he encountered reaction, because he couldn't see color. However, he did an entire art course in grayscale. When he went to college, he paired up with a cybernetics expert who helped him come up with the antenna-like device you see on the right-side picture. It's called an eyeborg. 
This device has a camera that detects colors' lightwaves and translates them into a sound. This sound he hears "in his bone, not in his ears" as he describes it. Each color has a specific musical frequency associated to it. He can currently hear 360 different colors, even ones that the human eye cannot see.

Drug Patent Expirations for the week of February 26, 2012


Drug Patent Expirations for the week of February 26, 2012

TradenameApplicantGeneric NamePatent NumberPatent Expiration
OPTISONGe Healthcarealbumin human5,558,094Feb 28, 2012
GEODONPfizerziprasidone hydrochloride4,831,031Mar 2, 2012
GEODONPfizerziprasidone mesylate4,831,031Mar 2, 2012
GEODONPfizer Incziprasidone hydrochloride4,831,031Mar 2, 2012
*Drugs may be covered by multiple patents or regulatory protections. See the DrugPatentWatch database for complete details.

Tentative Approvals

IngredientTentative Approvals
ziprasidone hydrochloride3
*Tentative approvals are indicators of potential future generic entry. See the DrugPatentWatch database for complete details.

Sunday 26 February 2012

IBPS RECRUITMENT FOR TECHNICAL OFFICER SCALE-1 FOR 19 PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS ELIGIBILITY B-PHARMACY DEGREE




 Notice for Registration
1) Registration Online Starts 30/12/2011
2) Online Payment and registration Starts 30/12/2011
3) Offline (NEFT/CBS) Payment through Bank Branches Starts 29/12/2011

INSTITUTE OF BANKING PERSONNEL SELECTION invites Online Applications from INDIAN citizens for RECRUITMENT OF SPECIALIST OFFICERS IN 19 PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS.


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Statement Of Purpose (SOP) for Abroad Universities


When crafting the Statement of Purpose for college admission, its always better to be original with your ideas. It’s difficult to write SOP, but if you can refer few sample statement of purpose, which can be used as reference to write a statement of purpose.
2 page college essay is that helps admission committee convey what kind of person you are, will you be able to work with them, how you can contribute the goals of the school, your research potential. So, make sure you get get your SOP right.
You Sample SOP for graduate school admission as a medium to express
  • Your personality
  • Why you want to study Master’s degree
  • Research Experience and Research Interests
  • Community Service and Volunteer Services preformed
  • Leadership and Communications Skills
  • Events and inspirations in your personal life
SAMPLE "SOP's"

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY

BIOINFORMATICS SOP

BIO-ENGINEERING SAMPLES

MS BIOTECHNOLOGY SOP SAMPLE

CHEMISTRY

Here’s the link to Exclusive SOP  contents that includes sample college essays, tips to write Statement of purpose and more from University of California Admission counselor sample statement of purpose. (Video)

Sample Recommendation Letters

You can get access to lots of sample recommendation letter templates here.

People who laugh a lot are much healthier than those who don't


Dr. Lee Berk at the Loma Linda School of Public Health in California found that laughing lowers levels of stress hormones, and strengthens the immune system. 

Laughter increases levels of a hormone called beta-endorphines (which elevates mood state) by 27% and increases human growth hormone by 87%. Human growth hormone (HGH) is used to treat patients with hormone deficiencies and has been shown to improve the immune system, bone and muscle mass, and reduces body fat. This is the same hormone that athletes use to improve their athletic performance in their sports. 

Laughter also has been shown to reduce levels of three stress hormones: cortisol, dopac, and epinephrine. Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline, the hormone that triggers the "fight-or-flight" response when we are afraid. At chronic levels, these three hormones can harm the immune system's function as well as contribute to other detrimental health effects. 

Berk also found that mirthful laughter raised good cholesterol and lowered inflammation during a test of the effects of laughter on diabetic patients.

Saturday 25 February 2012

A man suffered a heart attack while eating at the "Heart Attack Grill"


It was only a matter of time until the restaurant that serves meals that can easily exceed 8000 calories would go through something like this. The Las Vegas restaurant caused a commotion when a 40-year old man started experiencing chest pains last Saturday night. 
The man was "having the sweats and shaking," according to one of the servers. He was suffering a heart attack and had to be taken by EMTs to the hospital. The restaurant is not known for promoting a healthy lifestyle. Items in their menu have names like "Triple Bypass burger" (which is what this man was eating when he had a heart attack), "Flatliner Fries" and "Butterfat Burger." Servers are called "Nurses," customers, "Patients" and the owner is a "Doctor."
The restaurant glorifies bad health. People who weigh over 350 pounds eat there for free. The "Quadruple Bypass burger" meal surpasses 8,000 calories, which is 4 times the average recommended daily dosage. No word on whether the restaurant will tone down on their "humor" or if they'll use this incident as a promotion point. We wish the man the best in his recovery.

Salivary PH a Potential Biomarker for Risk of Heart Disease


A Canadian study analyzed the association between salivary pH and plasma adiponectin levels, in women and found a linear relationship between the two
Adiponectin a protein hormone, constituting around 0.01% of the plasma proteins is produced by the fat tissue and regulates the metabolic activities like glucose regulation and fatty acids catabolism. It has also been found to have anti-inflammatory effects and reduce insulin resistance and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. 

It is an established fact that adiponectin level is greatly reduced with increased body fat percentage. And higher fat percentage is correlated with increased risk of type2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. 

A study tried to establish the association between adiponectin and salivary pH in women. The salivary pH in women is lesser than that compared to men and is affected by the menopausal status. 

The study included 151 Caucasian women with 53 pre-menopausal women in one group and 98 menopausal women in the other. Salivary pH and plasma adiponectin levels were analyzed in both the groups. 

The researchers found that the salivary pH varied in proportion to the plasma adiponectin levels in women in both the groups but showed a prominent linear relationship in menopausal women. 

There were certain limitations to the findings. 

 Previous conditions like insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, which could influence the adiponectin levels and salivary pH, were not taken into account. 

 The study involved only women and was based on the menopausal status thus limiting the use of salivary pH as a biomarker in health assessment. 

With obesity, type2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases becoming a worldwide epidemic, saliva sampling could prove to be an easy and inexpensive diagnostic and screening method for health assessment. Further studies are required in this regard. 

Reference: Salivary pH as a Marker of Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations in Women; Monique et al; Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome 2012. 

Source-Medindia

Youth Health Mela 2012- Aspiring for a Healthy India


Healthy people make a healthy nation. However recent changes in life style, untraditional influences, ecological imbalances, improper food habits are contributing to the creation of a sick community. In view of the soaring health concerns affecting youth in the recent past, 'The Youth Health Mela 2012' is organised from the 22nd to 26th February 2012 at Valluvar Kottam, Chennai.
Lessons Bestowed: 

Mr. Narayanan, the editor of ‘Paadam’ magazine emphasised on the consistent development in cancer treatment at the Cancer Institute. Although health and medical innovation is on the rise on one hand, life-style diseases in today’s society plague the flip side. He also pointed out the causes of health risks, which include change in immediate surroundings, schools ignoring sports and deprivation of physical activities because of ecological change. ‘The Youth Health Mela 2012’ is an initiation to bridge the gap existing in the current health care and lifestyle. Youth are spread in factions such as schools, colleges and corporate, hence change has to be incorporated in these sections. To prevent Tamil Nadu from becoming a sickness infested land, students were urged to spread message against tobacco and drug addiction. 

Chairing the Volunteers: 

Dr. V. Shanta, Chairperson, Cancer Institute (WIA) said it was important for the younger generation to be aware of the world around them. Various changes and problems have cropped in the health scenario. Though communicable diseases are under control through efforts such as polio drops and vaccination, curbing the non-communicable diseases such as cancer or diabetes still remains a challenge. Though some diseases remain incurable, most diseases are preventable. Instead of cancer known as ‘Emperor of All Maladies’ (popularised by biography on cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee) Dr. V. Shanta claimed tobacco ‘a leader of all maladies’. She provided statistics where tobacco bore 40% responsibility for causing cancer and highlighted its contribution to cardio vascular and other tobacco related diseases. 

Claiming Authority over Health: 

Mrs. Shanta Sheela Nair, (Retd.) IAS officer, Vice Chairperson, Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission, mentioned how doctors prescribe innumerable tests on a visit. From her point of view, good health meant letting nature cure instead of consuming medication. The communication between cells within the body maintains robust mechanism to prevent or cure diseases i.e. immunity. However this mechanism is weakened by environmental changes. The health complications faced by the youth drains them off their energy, which can otherwise be used constructively. Mrs. Shanta Nair quoted Prime Minister Manmohan Singh calling malnutrition a national shame. She said, “Malnutrition is a hidden hunger and a critical health issue in infants.” Obese kids in urban areas who may seem well fed also suffer from malnourishment. In fact every third malnutrition child is an Indian child. Furthermore many youth are said to fall a prey to HIV / AIDS because of promiscuous lifestyle. Other lifestyle diseases like mental depression caused by malnutrition among teenagers, interpersonal violence and suicide resulting from mental illness is on rise. While tobacco and alcohol consumption has resulted in higher road traffic incidents. 

Hon’ble Justice K.N. Basha, Madras high Court, reinstated the conviction to say ‘No’ to tobacco and alcohol. In his observation, substance abuse constitutes one of the major causes of domestic violence and unrest in families. Latest fads insinuating slimmer waistlines make many a youth to skip breakfast and other regular nourishments required for normal functioning of the body. So, in the best interest of the future of India, the five-day event focuses on all aspects of health and well being of youth. Debates and talks will be held in the venue. Stalls relating to youth health concerns and benefits are also installed in the premises. 

‘The Youth Health Mela 2012’ emphasises the great thoughts of Aristotle, “Good habits formed at youth make all the difference” 

Source-Medindia

 

Thursday 23 February 2012

DRUG INSPECTOR 2012 EXAM APPLICATION



Click Here for Detailed
NOTIFICATION NO. 28/2011
DRUG INSPECTOR IN A.P. DRUGS CONTROL ADMINISTRATION SERVICE
Dated: 27/12/2011 

Exam Date: 29/04/2012
22/02/2012
Date of commencement of application
20/03/2012
Last date to fill the application and to generate challan
22/03/2012
Last date for the submission of application form through online


For Syllabus Visit: http://pharmacrusaders.blogspot.in/2012/01/andhra-pradesh-drug-inspector-exam.html

For Current Affairs Visit: http://pharmacrusaders.blogspot.in/2012/02/drug-inspector-current-affairs.html

For further details visit: http://www.apspsc.gov.in/

Tuesday 21 February 2012

Cracking your knuckles does not actually hurt your bones or cause arthritis. The sound you hear is just gas bubbles bursting.


Cracking your knuckles (or any of your joints) can have therapeutic benefits. When you crack one of your joints you are pulling the bones that are connected at the joint apart from each other. This process stimulates your tendons, relaxes your muscles, and loosens your joints. Chiropractors do this for spinal joints when your back is sore and stiff, but you can do this on your own for your knuckles, toes, knees, neck, etc. 

Unfortunately, there can be too much of a good thing. Cracking your knuckles will never lead to arthritis (despite what your mom keeps telling you), but scientists have discovered that it can cause tissue damage in the affected joints. Knuckle-cracking pulls your finger bones apart which stretches your ligaments. Too much stretching of your ligaments will cause damage to your fingers akin to the arm injuries sustained by a baseball pitcher who throws too many pitches. In addition to making your hand really sore, this ligament damage can also result in reduced grip strength. 

How does this work? Your joints, the places in your body where you can bend, are where your bones intersect and are held together by ligaments. These joints are surrounded by a liquid called synovial fluid. When you stretch your ligaments by pulling the bones apart to crack your knuckles a gas in the synovial fluid escapes and turns into a bubble. This process is called cavitation. Cavitation ends when the bubble eventually bursts, producing that popping sound we know and love. After that, your joints won't be able to crack for another 25-30 minutes while the gas gets reabsorbed into the synovial fluid.

Cancer Therapy may be Enhanced by Nanoparticles


New research by Rice University and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center has revealed that a mixture of current drugs and carbon nanoparticles shows potential to enhance treatment for head-and-neck cancers, especially when combined with radiation therapy.
The work blazes a path for further research into therapy customized to the needs of individual patients. The therapy uses carbon nanoparticles to encapsulate chemotherapeutic drugs and sequester them until they are delivered to the cancer cells they are meant to kill. 

A paper on the research was published this month in the American Chemical Society journal ACS Nano

The new strategy by Rice chemist James Tour and Jeffrey Myers, a professor of head-and-neck surgery at MD Anderson, combines paclitaxel (PTX) and Cetuximab (Cet) with hydrophilic carbon clusters functionalized with polyethylene glycol, known as PEG-HCC. 

Cetuximab, the targeting agent, is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds exclusively to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a cell-surface receptor overexpressed by 90 percent of head-and-neck squamous cell cancers. Paclitaxel, an active agent in chemotherapy, is used to treat lung, ovarian, breast and head-and-neck cancers. In combination, they have the ability to target and attack cancerous cells. 

Because paclitaxel is hydrophobic – it won't mix with water – the substances are generally combined with Cremophor EL, a castor oil-based carrier that allows the compound marketed as Taxol to be delivered intravenously to patients. 

Tour, Myers and their associates have found a simple way to mix PTX and Cetuximab with carbon clusters that adsorb the active ingredients. The new compound is water-soluble and is more effective at targeting tumors than Taxol while avoiding the toxic effects of paclitaxel and Cremophor on adjacent healthy cells, they wrote. 

"It's very common to administer cortical steroids to limit the allergic response to Cremophor EL," said Tour, Rice's T.T. and W.F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science. 

Tour said the Cet/PTX/PEG-HCC elements combine easily. "We show in the paper that when we take paclitaxel up in our hydrophilic carbon clusters, we can deliver these just as well as commercial Taxol. 

"But you can never break into a market with something that's just as good as what's already out there. You have to be substantially better. The beauty of what we're doing is that we can potentially use a much smaller amount of the drug for chemotherapy. Just eliminating the Cremophor is a real advantage," he said. 

Tour noted a recently approved chemotherapy drug that combines paclitaxel with albumin nanoparticles, Abraxane, also shows promise. "That works well, but it still only has about 10 percent of the market after six or seven years of use," he said. 

Myers, the Hubert L. and Olive Stringer Distinguished Professor in Cancer Research at MD Anderson, said combining Cet/PTX/PEG-HCC and radiation therapy in tests on mice showed a significant boost in killing tumors. "Our hypothesis is that PTX, the chemotherapy drug, sensitizes the cancer cells to the effects of radiation and the Cetuximab/PEG-HCC increases the delivery of PTX to the cancer cells," he said. 

Unlike Cremophor, Tour said, the enhanced carbon clusters are nontoxic. Biodistribution and toxicity studies showed the "large majority" of PEG-HCCs are excreted through the kidneys, while trace amounts in the livers and spleens of mice tested showed no damage to the organs. 

The strategy sprang from conversations between Tour and Rice chemist and Nobel laureate Richard Smalley, who died of leukemia in 2005. "I was sitting with Rick at MD Anderson while he was being treated, and we got to talking about using carbon particles for delivery as carbon-based carriers. 

"But we had nothing specific," Tour said. "I started to work on this without funding, and shortly after Rick's passing in October 2005, I met with Jeff Myers." 

"I wanted to establish a multidisciplinary program to study nanoparticle-based therapeutics for cancer in general, and more specifically, head-and-neck cancer," Myers said. "At the time, Dr. Garth Powis (professor and chair of the Department of Experimental Therapeutics at MD Anderson) directed me to Dr. Mauro Ferrari (now president of The Methodist Hospital Research Institute and an adjunct professor of bioengineering at Rice), who ultimately put me in touch with Dr. Tour. 

"His enthusiasm for science and willingness to further explore the potential of carbon nanoparticles to treat cancer patients was apparent right away, and we launched a collaborative effort that has been quite productive," he said. 

Myers is pleased with what the team has accomplished so far. "This collaborative work has 'proved the principle' that carbon nanoparticles can be used to non-covalently link a chemotherapeutic drug with a targeting antibody that can deliver the drug specifically to a cancer cell," he said. "This principle could be used to deliver other drugs to other types of cells through specific targeting of cell surface receptors as a method of increasing the therapeutic ratio. 

"Though I am not an expert in these other areas, this could potentially have applications in infectious diseases, neurologic disorders and cardiovascular illnesses," he said. 

Tour sees potential for clinical uses of PEG-HCCs for brain cancer and traumatic brain injuries as well as chemotherapy, but acknowledged the introduction of such drugs for human use is a long way off. "To get a drug through all the different phases, including trials, typically takes 12 to 14 years and about $1.25 billion," he said. "That can sometimes be expedited through experimental trials with patients who have no other options, but it's still a long and expensive haul." 

Still, he said the new work is a strong step in the right direction. "This paper is the highlight of six years of research," he said. "It all came together. This is the crescendo, right here." 


Source-Eurekalert

 

Monday 20 February 2012

Clinical sign of Apixaban and Aspirin in Preventing Stroke




Apixaban, a drug undergoing clinical trials is more effective than and as safe as aspirin in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, according to a recently published study
Aspirin is a time-tested drug used as a painkiller and for fever. Besides, low-dose aspirin is used to prevent clotting of blood within the blood vessels. It brings about this action by preventing clumping of platelets. 

Apixaban is a new drug currently undergoing clinical trials. It prevents clotting by a different mechanism. It acts by inhibiting the clotting factor Xa, an important protein in the clotting process. 

The heart normally beats at a regular rate and rhythm. Atrial fibrillation is a condition where the upper chambers of the heart do not beat regularly. Thus, irregular signals pass through the lower chambers, resulting in irregular heartbeats. The process results in stagnation of blood within the heart and formation of blood clots. The clots can travel to the brain resulting in stroke. They may also travel through the blood (where they are referred to as emboli) and block the blood supply to important organs like heart and lungs. 

A study compared the benefits of apixaban with aspirin in patients with or without previous stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) but unable to take anti-clotting medications like warfarin. Patients received either 5 mg of apixaban twice daily or 81 to 324 mg of aspirin per day. The patients were followed for a little over 1 year. They were monitored for side effects like bleeding. 

In patients with a previous stroke or TIA, 10 events of stroke or embolism occurred in the total 390 patients receiving apixaban. In contrast, 33 events were noted in 374 patients receiving aspirin. In those without previous stroke or TIA, these events were 41 in the apixaban group, a total of 2417 patients compared to 80 in the aspirin group, a total of 2415 patients. 

The incidence of bleeding between the aspirin and the apixaban groups was not significantly different. 

Thus, the benefit of apixaban was much higher compared to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation regardless of whether the patient suffered from prior stroke or TIA. 

However, further long term studies will be required to establish the role of apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. Also, the cost aspect will have to be kept in mind since aspirin is a very cheap drug whereas apixaban is likely to be expensive once it comes into the market. 

Reference

1. Apixaban versus aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: a predefined subgroup analysis from AVERROES, a randomised trial; Hans Christoph et al; The Lancet Neurology 2012 

Source-Medindia

 

Medical Evidence on Alcohol


Medical evidence on alcohol largely considers alcohol to be the root of all evil. In the final analysis, everybody pays for consuming alcohol, some slightly, others heavily.
According to Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, “The ability of alcohols for harming operations and the introduction and advancement of body lesions in important parts, is unrivaled by any performance in the entire history of medicine. These facts are so irrefutable, and so greatly established by the medical profession, as not to be questionable any more. Alterations in liver and stomach, in lungs and kidneys, in blood-vessels to the tiniest capillary, and in blood to the tiniest white and red blood disc disruptions of discharge, fatty and fibroid deteriorations in just about every organ, damaging of muscular control, impacts both nervous systems so acutely as to be frequently poisonous, these and things like these, are the frequently exhibited outcomes. Besides, these are not limited to those referred to as excessive.”
According to Professor Youmans, “It is clear that, instead of being a health safeguard, alcohol is a dynamic and strong cause of illness, hindering, as it does, nutrition, circulation, and respiration; at this moment, is any other outcome likely?”
According to Dr. F.R. Lees, “That alcohol should be responsible for the fattening process in specific conditions, and brings about in drinkers fatty deterioration of the blood, I understandable, as something routine, as, on one side, there is an agent that keeps hold of waste matter by reducing nutritive and excretory operations, while on the other side, a direct killer of the organs of the critical flow.”
According to Dr. Henry Monroe, “There isn’t any sort of tissue, whether strong or sick, that may not go through fatty deterioration; and there isn’t any organic disease so bothersome to the medical professional, or so hard to treat. If, with the help of a microscope, we study an extremely fine slice of muscle obtained from a healthy person, we observe that the muscles are compact, flexible and of a brilliant red hue, composed of parallel fibers, with lovely intersections or striae; however, if we in the same way study the muscle of an individual who lives an inactive, indolent life, and treats himself to inebriating drinks, we notice, straight away, a pallid, flaccid, inflexible, greasy look. Alcoholic narcotization seems to create this strange tissue conditions above any other known agent. ‘Three-fourths of the persistent ailments which a health professional has to deal with,’ observes Dr. Chambers, ‘are brought about by this malady.’ Lecanu, the well-known French investigative chemist, discovered nearly 117 parts of fat in 1000 parts of a tippler’s blood, the maximum approximation of the amount in health being 8 1/4 parts, while the standard quantity is below 2-3 parts, and hence the tippler’s blood holds 40 times more than the standard quantity.”
According to Dr. Hammond, who attempted to justify alcohol as holding a food energy, has remarked: “When I state that it, when compared to all other causative factors, is most productive in stimulating unhinging of the mind, the nerves and the spinal cord, I make an assertion which according to my own experience proves to be right.”
Another renowned physician declares of alcohol: “It swaps suppuration for development. It assists time to generate age-related effects; and, in brief, is the mastermind of deterioration.”
Dr. Monroe says, “Alcohol, consumed in minute amounts, or diluted to a great extent, like in beer, makes the stomach to slowly drop its tone, and renders it reliant upon synthetic stimulus. Atony, or deficiency of tone of the stomach, slowly occurs as an interruption, and fatal health condition comes about. If a measure of alcoholic drink is consumed everyday, the heart will extremely frequently become hypertrophied, or distended right through. Without a doubt, it is distressing to see how countless persons are really struggling with heart disease, due primarily to the consumption of alcoholic fluids.”
Dr. T.K. Chambers, the Prince of Wales’ physician states: “Alcohol is actually the most measly nutritional regime available. It causes blood depletion, and there isn’t a more definite route to deterioration of muscular fiber as this; and in a heart condition it is more particularly sharp, by hastening the beat, producing capillary blockage and erratic circulation, and therefore mechanically producing dilatation.”
According to the illustrious surgeon Sir Henry Thompson: “Don’t consume your regular wine under any excuse of its being good for you. Have it openly as an extravagance, which should be settled, certain persons pay for it in an extremely easy way, others pay a great price for it, but everyone always pays. And, more often than not, some failure of physical well being, or of cognitive ability, or of quietness of disposition, or of common sense, is the price.”
According to Dr. Charles Jewett: “The late Prof. Parks from England, in his famous research on Hygiene, has powerfully got rid of the thought, generally considered for a long time, that alcohol indeed is a precious prophylactic where an awful climate, appalling water and other insalubrious conditions, are present; and a regrettable experiment with the piece of writing, in 1863, in the Union military, on the embankment of the Chickahominy, showed decisively that, rather than protecting the human health against the impact of agencies unfavorable to health, its consumption endows them with further strength. The British army’s medical history in India imparts a similar lesson.”
But why give additional testimony? Isn’t the evidence absolute? To the person who appreciates fine health, who wouldn’t lay the groundwork for disease and distress in the later years of his life, we do not have to provide a single extra argument supportive of complete abstinence from intoxicating drinks. He will avoid them like the plague.